

Ing. Salih CAVKIC
orbus editor in chief


Murray Hunter
University Malaysia Perlis

Perpetual Self conflict: Self
awareness as a key to our ethical drive, personal mastery, and perception of
entrepreneurial opportunities.
Murray Hunter

The Continuum of Psychotic Organisational Typologies
Murray Hunter

There is no such person as an entrepreneur, just a person who acts
entrepreneurially
Murray Hunter

Groupthink may still be a hazard to your organization - Murray Hunter

Generational Attitudes and Behaviour -
Murray Hunter

The environment as a multi-dimensional system: Taking off your rose
coloured glasses
- Murray Hunter

Imagination may be more important than knowledge: The eight types of
imagination we use - Murray Hunter

Do we have a creative intelligence? - Murray Hunter

Not all opportunities are the same: A look at the four types of
entrepreneurial opportunity -
Murray Hunter

The
Evolution of Business Strategy
- Murray Hunter

How
motivation really works - Murray Hunter

Evaluating Entrepreneurial Opportunities: What’s wrong with SWOT? - Murray
Hunter

The five types of thinking we use - Murray Hunter

Where do entrepreneurial opportunities come from? - Murray Hunter

How
we create new ideas - Murray Hunter

How emotions influence, how we see the world? - Murray Hunter

People tend to start businesses for the wrong reasons -
Murray Hunter

One Man, Multiple Inventions: The lessons and legacies of Thomas Edison
- Murray Hunte

Does Intrapreneurship exist in Asia?
- Murray Hunter

What’s
with all the hype – a look at aspirational marketing
- Murray Hunter

Integrating the philosophy of Tawhid – an Islamic approach to organization
-
Murray Hunter

Samsara and the Organization - Murray Hunter

|
The five types of thinking
we use
Murray Hunter
University Malaysia Perlis
The human brain has evolved over many
millions of years. Our brain cells, neurotransmitters, synapses, and processes
are not much different from other animals. However through evolution the brain
has developed into a number of different functioning areas all playing vital
roles in the management and regulation of our senses, organs, and other body
parts. This architecture allows us to think in an array of different manners. As
we have evolved as a species our brain has also developed allowing thinking in
more sophisticated ways. In addition as we personally develop during our life we
learn to utilize these various ways of thinking to make meaning, solve problems,
and develop ideas.
Basically we utilize five different ways of
thinking which are briefly summarized below.
1. Emotional based decision making
Our predecessors the Hominids millions of years ago had brains that were only
one third the size of human brains today, relied upon emotions to guide their
thinking. This was very important in their role as hunter/gatherers. The basic
emotions (particularly the unpleasant ones) also generate physiological
responses such as needed in the fight/flight mode when we came in proximity of a
threatening animal. The brain would release adrenaline and noradrenaline into
the bloodstream to enable faster thinking and actions. The brain would
drastically increase its activity. The body would freeze with all senses focused
on the perceived threat. The heart would beat faster, ready for a quick getaway.
Blood is diverted from the skin to the limbs to enable quick and powerful
movement. Blood pressure rises and respiration increases. The muscles are tensed
and sweating increases to cool the body. Appetite is suppressed and the bowels
relaxed so that a person will be lighter for a getaway. These emotions are
involuntary and often experienced without recourse to our consciousness or
intervening thought processes[1].
Today, most lower level human thinking is based
upon our emotions which originate from our limbic system at the base of the
brain. Many of these emotional responses are hardwired into our thinking system and concerned with our
primal needs and survival, as well as mateship. We answer specific situations
based upon the emotions embedded within out mental schema and upon subsequent
appraisal of the situation determine the intensity we will respond to the
situation with our emotions[2].
Learned ‘core related themes’
are believed to influence this automatic appraisal process[3].
Therefore higher order emotions are social constructs. To be angry, disgusted,
humiliated and proud are moral positions[4].
These social emotional positions are coded into memory schemata and they become
automatic responses[5].
These socially related emotions will also have some relationship to the basic
core emotions[6].
Without our specific awareness of the play these emotions make upon our
judgments, decision making will tend to be emotionally based. Sometimes this
becomes difficult to determine as these basic emotions mix with other emotions
to produce very complex social emotions[7].
They become our responses to meaning, which we confuse for meaning itself.
Most of us are locked into emotional thinking
biases due to the influence the limbic system has over the rest of the brain. We
cannot and maybe should not eliminate emotions, but should be at least aware of
them.
2. Analysis and rationalization of
knowledge
We live in a rational society where the world is
run by time, logic, reason, and “objectivity”.
Everything is measured and designated within the spirit of Weber’s rational bureaucracy and Frederick Taylor’s scientific management. Our education system is based upon rationalism,
promoting specialized disciplines and critical thinking. Therefore people tend
to approach problems through the paradigm of reason and rationality. Facts are
required before “informed decisions”
are made. Facts and knowledge are paramount
prerequisites to decision making. Within the rational society, ethics are the
based on codified laws and religious dogma with penalties attached to certain
types of behaviours as a deterrent. Therefore in the rational society one acts
out of fear and “logic” within a heavily socialized and cultural framework.
Thus all solutions are “culturally based”
solutions.
Rationalist tools like mathematics and geometry
have great difficulty in explaining everyday occurrences like the operation of a
steam value, a tennis game, riding a bicycle, and catching a ball as there is
the element of chaos (not to be confused
with crisis) and unpredictability in
any phenomenon. One can develop complex wave equations but never really know
exactly what is going to happen. Reductionism relies upon linear perfectionism
which doesn’t exist. Even the earth’s rotation is not exact. Our perfectionist
time systems must be regularly adjusted to account for nature’s imperfection[8].
We try to think about the world in a linear way where the world really behaves
in non-linear ways. Most events need to unfold along particular paths, something
that cannot be controlled. Evolution is an unplanned process.
Many massive engineering developments like the
building of the Hoover Dam, the development of the atomic bomb, and the space
program were not based on science as much as they have been based upon
engineering reductionism, requiring the rationalization of knowledge[9].
Potential new breakthroughs in specific domains are often resisted by discipline
centered experts committed to established reductionist views based on the models
they work from. Some discipline premises were totally incorrect. For example,
economics preached individualism and decentralized markets, yet our security and
prosperity has been largely the result of collective action to eradicate disease,
promote science, develop critical infrastructure and, provide widespread
education[10]. The
tools of trade are usually too selective to allow the big picture to be seen, becoming the ‘rose
colored glasses’ of perceptual and
discipline-centric domain imprisonment[11].
3. Higher intuition (with biases)
To handle the enormous amounts of incoming
information and perform the decisions that have to be made requires some form of
mechanisms that can ‘short-cut’
the interpretive and decision processes[12].
Heuristics and biases are a means to achieving this and as a consequence have an
influence on our perception and reasoning. Heuristics assist decision making
under uncertainty because of insufficient information from the environment.
Heuristics and other biases compensate and thus assist people in solving
problems, developing new ideas, and seeing potential opportunities that others
don’t[13]. They
also influence how we look at ethical problems ethics and how we develop
strategies[14].
Heuristics are ‘short-cuts’,
‘rules of thumb’, decision rules or
templates that aid quick judgments and decisions. Heuristics become embedded
within our belief system. They can also be influenced by our deep motivations
and reflect our social conditioning. Heuristics and other biases become
intertwined within our knowledge structures and become a factor of influence in
the assessments, judgments and decisions we make involving opportunity
evaluation[15].
These basic assumptions include views about time, space, human nature, the
nature of relationships, and what is the truth[16].
They are part of the decision making process[17].
In effect heuristics are our programmed system of ‘common
sense’.
Heuristics have the potential to assist the
decision making process by cutting down on the person’s information load[18].
They allow a person to make quick decisions about problems and opportunities
without undertaking formal analysis which would tend to highlight problems, thus
preventing its exploitation[19].
Heuristics are important when windows of opportunity are very short[20].
They also help in making quick strategy choices, saving time and adding to
flexibility. Heuristics make up for lack of experience[21]
and drive intuition, which is independent of inputs from the cognitive
perception process[22].
This will trigger off the creativity process by imposing an alternative reality
to what is perceived through the senses.
The downside of heuristics is that it allows our
biases to interpret what is going on in the world around us. Heuristics create
stereotyping and tend to suppress the ability to comprehend new meanings through
the application of cognitive biases that maintain our current perceived ideas
about the world. Of course our beliefs formed through rationalism make up many,
if not most of our cognitive biases we use in life.

Figure 1. The thinking hierarchy
4. Creative insights
Creativity and in particular creative insights are
an extremely important aspect of our thinking styles. Without creativity, very
little would develop, function and contribute to the wellbeing of the humanity.
The concept of creativity is elusive, cannot be observed directly, measured or
even acknowledged until sometime after the creative act has taken place[23].
Relatively little research has been undertaken on creativity until the 1960s[24].
However within the last three decades there has been a massive serge in research,
new theories and the development of many creative tools.
When a sub-conscious connection between two bits
of information fit a problem, a realization that brings a feeling of insight
occurs. This illumination is often described as the ‘aha’
or the ‘eureka’ moment. This insight may not bring the whole
solution of the problem but perhaps provide a key piece of information that
enables the problem to be restructured, reorganized, reframed, reconstructed or
reconsidered in some now light, where a solution comes forward with relative
ease. In hindsight the solution will normally be a simplistic and logical one,
ironic given the difficulty in arriving at the insight. A simple block or
misplaced assumption that was removed during the incubation and sub-conscious
contemplation process made way for the insight to occur[25].
Accepted prior knowledge of a domain and field can sometimes block an insight,
especially where knowledge is accepted as a given and not previously questioned.
Insight is the example of a product produced
through our brain’s self organizing system which begins to associate external
information from the environment, our domain and field knowledge and our prior
experience held in the long term memory. This may operate in a similar manner to
the way we combine words into phrases, phrases into sentences and sentences into
ideas and stories to create meaning. Imagination may also play some role in
creating vision and imagery and assisting in drawing analogies during this
process[26]. The
insight is the product of the connection between these bits of information in
some sort of semantic, conceptual or visual form, which assists the advancement
of the problem solving process[27].
Any meaningful connection of ideas will immediately flash into our conscious
memory as an insight previously not considered in regards to the problem.
Recent research has shown when individuals are
left undisturbed the brain is not idle, where there is actually increased
activity, localized in the pre-frontal cortex[28].
The brain during any resting period is actually quite vigorous, where without
any stimulation the mind freely wanders through past recollections, envisioning
future plans, and other thoughts and experiences[29].
This phenomenon was termed the ‘default network’ to describe the brain activity
at rest[30]. The
significance of the ‘default network’ to the creative insight is that continued
underlying processes still occur that are unrelated to conscious thought occur,
something described in the incubation process mode of the creativity process[31].
Research has shown that mindfulness can activate the ‘default network’[32].
The ‘default network’ deactivates is active when an individual is at rest and
shuts down when an individual becomes active and is focused on the outside
world.
Most decisions that lead us on emergent paths like
the vocation of entrepreneurship, art, music, opera, and even sport require
creative decision making. Thus creativity rather than general intelligence is
the means by which the majority of people get things done. Fortunately
creativity can be taught and enlightened education systems today have switched
the balance from critical to creative thinking as the major thinking skill to
develop. Creative insight is the major means by which we make the decisions that
lead to our emergence in life, vocation, and career.
5. Wisdom
At the top of the thinking hierarchy is wisdom, a
thinking process that is only achieved by a small percentage of the population
after many years of experiencing life (see figure 2.). A person’s awareness or
mindfulness transcends the lower emotional influenced thinking, social
interpretations, to a level where one thinks about issues and can develop new
personal understandings. This comes from our emotional sensitivity which runs
across a continuum from mindlessness
to
mindfulness[33].
Mindlessness numbs individuals’ senses
to the outside environment and patterns them into seeing situations as absolutes[34].
Whereas mindfulness is a state of psychological freedom without any attachment
to any point of view and being attentive to what is occurring at present[35].
Many peoples’ emotional sensitivity is inhibited by their past categorizations,
rules and routines that cloud the ability to view any current situation with
novel distinctions[36].
Therefore the more mindful a person is, the more open to the environment they
will be.
Mindfulness allows a person access to
environmental perceptions without schema blocking or altering the interpretation
of events. The more mindfulness, the better the perception of opportunities,
however other facets such as prior knowledge are still vitally important, which
without any individual will not be able to perceive opportunity for new ventures,
products, and services[37].
Langer proposed that mindfulness may enhance the ability to perceive and shape
new opportunities through five components that have been empirically tested;
· Openness to
novelty – the ability to reason with relatively novel forms of stimuli,
· Alertness to
distinction – the ability to distinguish minute differences in the details of an
object, action, or environment,
· Sensitivity
to different contexts- tasks and abilities will differ according to the
situational context,
· Awareness of
multiple perspectives – the ability to think dialectically, and
· Orientation
in the present- paying attention to here and now[38].
Thus through wisdom one can foresee and truly
understand the potential consequences of taking potential courses of action,
seeing above and beyond the influence of emotions, and solutions based on
rationalizations that may miss out on certain sets of consequences.
One would assume that the degree of mindfulness an
individual possesses will also influence the depth of meaning that can be
derived from the environment. New discoveries may occur because of emotional
sensitivity and mindfulness described above in what could be called a ‘passive
search’[39],
where an individual is receptive but
not engaged in any formal systematic search.
Thich Nhat Hanh stated that every feeling whether
good or bad, powerful or light should be paid attention to with mindfulness that
can be used as a force to protect the psych. This has two important implications[40].
The first is to be aware of our own biases and distortive tendencies in our
perception of objects. The second implication is that we protect ourselves from
harmful influences and ‘emotionally’
learn. Psychotherapy advocates a healthy ego which requires some ‘healthy
attachment’ like identification in the
creation of a sense of self[41].
Das expands on identity as being something we experience spiritually, sexually,
sensually, intellectually, economically, philosophically, and so on[42].
Identity is situationally dependent upon the role one plays as a mother, father,
worker, student, etc. However this can lead to an ego produced out of mistaken
identity, based on anxiety and confusion about ‘who
I am’[43].
John Bowlby’s seminal work on attachment theory (our emotional dependence upon people,
objects and events) defines attachment
as one of the prime motivational systems with its own workings and interfaces
with other motivational systems[44].
What may be important is understanding desire as a driver of motivation[45].
Thus some emotional attachment is considered to be a healthy part of a
person’s psychological make-up, a driver for action. However it should be noted
that the motivation behind our actions is usually desire, which unchecked can
develop into many abnormal pathologies like depression, anxiety, aggression, etc[46].
It is not the desire that causes the suffering, but what we do with our desire.
People need to feel secure and have loving relationships to provide a base for
life exploration, which requires some attachment. Michael Porter also recognized
that emotional attachment can influence rationality of strategic decision making
where one may be committed to a business, have a sense of pride, be concerned
about the stigma attached to a decision, identify with the program or venture,
etc[47].
Thinking is too often equated with intelligence,
where there is no agreed definition but an understanding that it involves;
abstract thinking, reasoning, problem solving ability, capacity to acquire
knowledge, memory, and adoption. However intelligence does not equate with
general success in life. There are so many examples of dropouts becoming
entrepreneurs and having very successful careers.
Perhaps the key is wisdom in making decisions
based on experience, how we process information, problem solving skills we
utilize, and personal competencies we posses rather than intelligence. People
must be able to pass through their emotions, collect what information they can
and think about the issues rather than act on social interpretations. The
ability to acquire new methods of thinking appears to be related to our personal
development as figure 2 shows. Our basic emotions of like, dislike, happy, sad,
extrovert, introvert, and depressed, etc., influence our decision making from
infancy well into our adolescence. As we reach early adulthood we learn to
interpret social situations in our decision making. Our schooling teaches us how
to collect information and process this rationally and logically in solving
problems and making decisions. We also become able to utilize existing knowledge
as a means of creating new knowledge through the means of creativity. Finally a
small proportion of the population is able to develop a sense of wisdom based on
experience and the ability to see over their biases.

Figure 2. The continuum of wisdom.
Notes and References
[1]
What is interesting is that Charles Darwin (1872) postulated that emotional
expressions are not cultural and part of our global genetic makeup.
[2]
Lazarus, R. & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, Appraisal and
Coping, New York, Springer-Veriag.
[3]
Smith, C. & Lazarus, R. (1993).
Appraisal Components, Core Relational Themes, and the Emotions, Cognition and Emotion,
Vol. 7, pp. 233-269.
[4]
Harré, R. (1991). Physical Being: A Theory of
Corporeal Psychology, Blackwell, Oxford.
[5]
Leventhal, H. (1982). The
integration of emotions and cognition: A view from the perceptual-motor theory
of emotion, In: Clark, M. S. and Fiske, S. T. (Eds.). Affect and Cognition: The 17th Annual Carnegie Symposium on Cognition,
Hillsdale, NJ., Eribaum.
[6]
Greenberg, L. S. and Safran, J. D.
(1989). Emotion in Psychotherapy, American Psychologist,
Vol. 44, No. 1., pp. 19-29.
[7] Hunter, M.,
(2012),” Opportunity, Strategy, &
Entrepreneurship Vol. 1”, A Meta-Theory, New York, Nova Scientific Publishers, P. 251.
[8]
Connelly, C. (2012). Time keepers to introduce leap second June 30 to keep in
synch with mother earth, HeraldSun.com,
January 6th,
http://www.heraldsun.com.au/technology/time-keepers-to-introduce-leap-second-june-30-to-keep-in-sync-with-mother-earth/story-fn7celvh-1226238221924
[9] Lovelock, J.
(2005). Gaia: Medicine for an ailing
planet, London, Gaia Books, P. 15.
[10] Sachs, J.,
(2005), The End of poverty: How we can
make it happen in our lifetime, London,
Penguin, pp. 2-3.
[11] Most models
only utilize a couple of variables to examine cause and effect. For example
Weber’s models were concerned with power, Lakoff’s models were concerned with
the social generation of truth, and Porter’s models with external structural
forces, where on the other hand Mintzberg ignores the role of structural
constraints upon management. These models correlated with certain actions or
behaviors in retrospect, but could not predict accurately in future scenarios.
[12]
Finucane, M. L., Alhakami, A., Slovic, P., and Johnson, S. M. (2000). The affect
heuristic in judgments of risks and benefits, Journal of Behavioral Decision Making,
Vol. 13, No. 1., pp. 1-17.
[13] Gaglio, C. M, Katz, T. A.
(2001). The psychological basis of
opportunity identification: entrepreneurial alertness, Small Business Economics, Vol. 16, No. 2, pp. 95-111.
[14] Busenitz, L.
W, and Barney, J. B, (1997). Differences between entrepreneurs and managers in
large organizations, Journal of Business
Venturing, Vol. 12, pp. 9-30, Mitchell,
R. K, Smith, J. B, Morse, E. A, Seawright, H. W, Perero, A. M, and Mckenzie, B,
(2002). Are entrepreneurial cognitions universal? Assessing entrepreneurial
cognition across cultures,
Entrepreneurial Theory and Practice, Vol. 26, No. 4, pp. 9-32, Alvarez, S. A, and Busenitz, L. W, (2001). The
Entrepreneurship of resource based theory,
Journal of Management, Vol. 27, pp.
755-775.
[15] Mitchell, R.
K, Busenitz, L, Lant, J, McDougall, P. P, Morse, E. A, and Smith, B. (2004). The
distinctive and inclusive domain of entrepreneurial cognition research, Entrepreneurship, Theory and Practice,
Vol. 28, No. 6, pp. 505-518.
[16] Schein, E.,
(2010), Organization Culture and
Leadership, 4th Edition, San Francisco, Jossey-Bass, see: Chapters 7,8,9.
[17] Wright, M.,
Hoskisson, R. E., Busenitiz, L. W. and Dial, J. (2000). Entrepreneurial Growth
through Privatization: The Upside of Management Buyouts, Academy of Management Review,
Vol. 25, No. 3, pp. 591-601.
[18] Gowda, M. V.
R., (1999). Heuristics, biases and the regulation of risk, Policy Science, Vol. 32, pp. 59-78.
[19] This is one
area where entrepreneurial thinking may be very different from management
thinking. An entrepreneur without perfect information will act on intuition and
hunch. Any analysis will be mental rather than through the formal processes
which managers in a company situation will tend to follow. Management analysis
of new ideas will tend to frame the question; what is wrong with this idea?, why
should it not be exploited?, what will be the potential problems?, etc. Thus
analysis can become a very negative paradigm in management preventing new ideas
emerging into new strategies.
[20] Tversky, A.
and Kahneman, D. (1974). Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases, Science, Vol. 185, pp. 251-284.
[21]
Alvarez, S. A, and Busenitz, L. W, (2001). “The Entrepreneurship of resource
based theory”.
[22]
Gowda, M. V. R., (1999). “Heuristics, biases and the regulation of risk”.
[23] For example a
painting or piece of art may not be recognized by the art community as being
creative until many years after it has been created. This leads to the situation
where many pieces of art only accumulate value after the artist has passed away
and the act of creativity is only realized as such long after the event.
[24] Sternberg, R.
J. and Lubart, T. I. (1996). Investing in Creativity, American Psychologist, Vol. 51, No. 7, pp. 677 688.
[25]
Robertson-Riegler, G., and Robertson-Riegler, B. (2008). Cognitive Psychology: Applying the Science of
the Mind, 2nd Edition, Boston, Pearson Education, Inc., pp. 472-3
[26] Imagination
plays a number of roles within our thinking processes. The eight types of
imagination that we may use include; 1.
“Effectuative Imagination which combines information together to synergize new concepts and ideas.”, 2. “Intellectual (or Constructive) Imagination
which is utilized when considering and
developing hypotheses from different pieces of information or pondering over
various issues of meaning say in the areas of philosophy, management, or
politics, etc.”,
3. “Imaginative Fantasy Imagination which creates and develops stories, pictures, poems,
stage-plays, and the building of the esoteric, etc.”,
4. “Empathy Imagination which helps a
person know emotionally what others are experiencing from their frame and
reference.”,
5. “Strategic Imagination which is
concerned about vision of
‘what could
be’, the ability to recognize and
evaluate opportunities by turning them into mental scenarios…”,
6. “Emotional Imagination which is
concerned with manifesting emotional dispositions and extending them into
emotional scenarios.”, 7. “
Dreams which are an unconscious form of
imagination made up of images, ideas, emotions, and sensations that occur during
certain stages of sleep.”, and
8. “Memory Reconstruction which is the
process of retrieving our memory of people, objects, and events.” See: Hunter,
M., (2012), Imagination may be more important than knowlwdge: The eight types of
imagination we use, Orbus,
http://www.orbus.be/info/important_news_april_extra_004.htm.
[27]
There are also a number of creative tools that can enhance the ability to do
this.
[28] Ingvar, G.H.
(1974). Patterns of brain activity revealed by measurements of regional cerebral
blood flow, Alfred Benzon Symposium
VIII, Copenhagen.
[29] Andreasan,
N.C, O’Leary, D.S., Cizacho, T., Arndt, S., Rezai, K. (1995). Remembering the
past: two facets of episodic memory explored with position emission tomography, American Journal of Psychiatry,
Vol. 152, pp. 1575-1585, Buckner, R. &
Carroll, D.C. (2007). Self-projection and the brain, Trends Cogn. Sci., Vol. 11, pp. 49-57.
[30] Gusnard, D.A.,
Akbudak, E., Shulman, G.L., & Raichle, M.E. (2001). Medial prefrontal cortex and
self-referential mental activity relation to a default mode of brain function, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.,
Vol. 98, pp. 4259-4264, Gusnard, D.A. &
Raichie, M.E. (2001). Searching for a baseline: Functional imaging and the
resting human brain, Nat. Rev. Neuosci,
Vol. 2, pp. 685-694.
[31] Buckner, R.L.,
Andrews-Hanna, J.R., & Schacter, D.L., (2008). The brains default network:
Anatomy, Function, and Relevance to Disease, Annals of the New York Academy of Science,
Vol. 1114, pp. 1-38.
[32] Jang, J.H.,
Jung, W.H., Kang, D-H, Byun, M.S., Kwan, D-H, Choi, C-H, & Kwan, J.S. (2011).
Increased default mode network connectivity associated with meditation, Neuroscience Letters, Vol. 487, No. 3, pp. 358-362.
[33] Mindfulness
is a state of open acceptance of one’s own perceptions and sensibilities that
helps our experience of being calm, relaxed and alert state of mind and be aware
of our thoughts without identifying with them Ladner, L. (2005). Bringing
Mindfulness to Your Practice, Psychology
Networker, July/August, P. 19.
[34] Corbett, A.C.
& McMullen, J.S. (2007), Perceiving and Shaping New Venture Opportunities
through Mindful Practice, In: Zacharakis, A. & Spinelli, S., (Eds.). Entrepreneurship: The Engine of Growth, Volume
2, Process, Westport CN, Praeger
Perspectives, P. 48.
[35] Martin, J.R.
(1997). Mindfulness: A proposed common factor, Journal of Psychotherapy Integration,
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R.M. (2003), The benefits of being present: Mindfulness and its role in
psychological well-being, Journal of
Personality and Social Psychology, Vol.
84, No. 4, pp. 822-848.
[36] Langer, E. J., & Moldoveanu, M.
(2000). The construct of mindfulness,
Journal of Social Issues, Vol. 56, No. 1, pp. 1-9.
[37] Corbett, A.C.
& McMullen, J.S. (2007), “Perceiving and Shaping New Venture Opportunities
through Mindful Practice”.
[38] Langer, E.J.
(1997), The Power of Mindful Learning,
Reading, MA, Addison Wesley.
[39] Ardichvili,
A., Cardozo, R., & Ray, S. (2003). A theory of entrepreneurial opportunity
identification and development, Journal
of Business Venturing, Vol. 18, pp.
105-123.
[40] Hanh, T, N.
(1976). The Miracle of Mindfulness,
Boston, Beacon Press, P. 38.
[41] Winnicott, D.
W. (1965). The maturational processes
and the facilitating environment, New
York, International University Press, Winnicott, D. W. (1971). Mirror-role of mother and family in child
development, London, Tavistock
Publications.
[42] Das, L. S.
(2003). Letting Go of the Person You
Used to Be, London, Bantam Books.
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(2003). Being somebody and being nobody: a reexamination of the understanding of
self in psychoanalysis and Buddhism, In Safran, J. D, (Ed.), Psychoanalysis and Buddhism: An unfolding
dialogue, Boston, Wisdom Publications,
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(1980). Attachment and Loss,
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[45]
Smith, M. (1987). The Huemean Theory of Motivation, Mind, Vol. 96, No. 381, pp. 36-61
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(2007). Psychotherapy without the self – a Buddhist perspective, London, Yale
University Press.
[47] Porter, M. E.
(1980). Competitive Strategy: Techniques
for Analyzing Industries and Competitors, New York, Free Press, P. 267.
PUBLICATIONS:
Samsara and the
Organization - Murray Hunter
Integrating the philosophy of Tawhid – an Islamic approach to organization. -
Murray Hunter
What’s
with all the hype – a look at aspirational marketing - Murray Hunter
Does Intrapreneurship exist in Asia? - Murray Hunter
One Man, Multiple Inventions: The lessons and legacies of Thomas Edison -
Murray Hunter
People tend to start businesses for the wrong reasons - Murray Hunter
How
emotions influence, how we see the world? - Murray Hunter
How we create new ideas - Murray Hunter
Where do entrepreneurial opportunities come from? - Murray Hunter
The
five types of thinking we use - Murray Hunter
Evaluating Entrepreneurial Opportunities: What’s wrong with SWOT? - Murray
Hunter
How
motivation really works - Murray Hunter
The
Evolution of Business Strategy - Murray Hunter
Not all opportunities are the same: A look at the four types of
entrepreneurial opportunity -
Murray Hunter
Do we
have a creative intelligence? - Murray Hunter
Imagination may be more important than knowledge: The eight types of imagination
we use - Murray Hunter
The environment as a multi-dimensional system: Taking off your rose coloured
glasses
- Murray Hunter
Generational Attitudes and Behaviour -
Murray Hunter
Groupthink may still be a hazard to your organization - Murray Hunter
Perpetual Self conflict: Self awareness as a key to our ethical drive, personal mastery, and perception of
entrepreneurial opportunities - Murray Hunter
The Continuum of Psychotic Organisational Typologies - Murray Hunter
There is no such person as an entrepreneur, just a person who acts
entrepreneurially - Murray Hunter
Go Home, Occupy Movement!!-(The McFB– Was Ist Das?) - prof. dr. Anis Bajrektarevic
Diplomatie préventive - Aucun siècle Asiatique sans l’institution pan-Asiatique - prof. dr. Anis Bajrektarevic
Democide Mass-Murder
and the New World Order - Paul Adams















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BALKAN AREA


prof. dr. Anis Bajrektarevic

Go Home, Occupy Movement!!
-
(The McFB – Was Ist Das?)
-
prof. dr. Anis Bajrektarevic

Diplomatie préventive - Aucun sičcle Asiatique sans l’institution pan-Asiatique
- prof. dr. Anis Bajrektarevic\/span|

ADDENDUM – GREEN/POLICY PAPER: TOWARDS THE CREATION OF THE OSCE TASK FORCE ON (THE FUTURE OF) HUMAN CAPITAL
prof. dr. Anis Bajrektarevic

Gunboat Diplomacy in the South China Sea – Chinese
strategic mistake
-
Anis H. Bajrektarevic

Geopolitics of Quantum Buddhism: Our Pre-Hydrocarbon Tao Future
prof. dr. Anis Bajrektarevic

The Mexico-held G–20 voices its concerns over the situation in the EURO zone
- Anis H. Bajrektarevic


Maasmechelen Village

Maasmechelen Village

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